Con la llamada transición a la democracia, Chile ratificó la Convención de los Derechos del Niño (CDN), instrumento obligatorio para los estados firmantes que concibe a los menores de edad como sujetos de derechos y no como objetos de políticas públicas. El Estado de Chile, de allí en adelante, se comprometió garantizar los derechos de los infantes y adolescentes del país.
En tres años más habrán pasado 30 años desde que Chile firmó y ratificó la Convención, y no puede sino calificarse como una deuda impaga la que el Estado de Chile ha contraído con sus niños, niñas y adolescentes, tal como señala el último Informe Anual del Centro de Derechos Humanos de la Universidad Diego Portales.
Históricamente, el Estado de Chile se ha encargado de nuestros niños con un enfoque asistencialista y tutelar; constituido de políticas públicas sólo para aquellos infantes que se hallaran en una situación anómala. La ley de 1966, que antecede a la vigente y vetusta ley de menores de 1967, creaba el Consejo Nacional de Menores, con el fin de “planificar, supervigilar, coordinar y estimular el funcionamiento y organización de las entidades que prestaban asistencia y protección a “los menores en situación irregular” (Informe Anual 2016 Centro de DDHH UDP).
Al parecer, el Estado no le tomó el peso a lo que significaba ratificar la Convención de los Derechos del Niño; en teoría, una transformación profunda y radical, que implicaba “materializar los principios que fundan dicho tratado y un tratamiento de la niñez y la adolescencia desde una perspectiva de derechos humanos, dejando atrás la lógica tutelar y asistencial de antaño” (Informe 2016 Centro DDHH UDP, Informe Anual 2016 INDH).
Hoy, las políticas públicas en materia infanto-juvenil, tal como indican los organismos de derechos humanos, siguen siendo focalizadas y desarticuladas. Aún se reproducen bajo una “óptica tutelar y asistencial”; pese a la creación del Consejo para la Infancia, que expresamente persigue “la articulación de la protección integral de los derechos de los niños, niñas y adolescentes (…) como una política pública prioritaria a fin de garantizar su adecuado cuidado sobre la base de un enfoque de derechos”; ajustándose a los compromisos contraídos con el sistema internacional de derechos humanos (Informe 2016 Centro DDHH UDP).
Pero las palabras distan de la realidad.
En los últimos años la opinión pública se ha sobrecogido con los casos de muertos en el SENAME, como el de Lissette Villa y los niños que murieron producto del incendio en Puerto Montt; con las escalofriantes cifras de “egresos por muerte” de los niños; con los elevados porcentajes de población carcelaria que alguna vez en su infancia estuvo bajo la protección y cuidado del Estado.
En su última revisión, el Comité de los Derechos del Niño manifestó su preocupación por el incumplimiento de las recomendaciones formuladas en los informes anteriores. En este marco, solicitó al Estado generar políticas integrales e interdependientes, adoptando un enfoque basado en los derechos de los niños para la toma de decisiones. De igual modo, inquieta que no se reconozca legalmente el interés superior del niño, principio rector de la CDN, que involucra la consideración primordial a la infancia, en todas las medidas que les conciernan; provengan estas de instituciones públicas o privadas, de los tribunales, autoridades administrativas u órganos legislativos (CDN). Al Comité le preocupó que no se reconozca expresamente como norma jurídica “el derecho del niño a ser escuchado y a que se tengan en cuenta sus opiniones en todas las cuestiones que le afecten, en particular la educación, la salud y los asuntos relativos a la familia”. En consecuencia, recomienda al Estado generar mecanismos que permitan la participación social y política de los menores de edad, en la “elaboración, aplicación y supervisión de políticas nacionales, regionales y locales relativas a la infancia” (Informe 2016 Centro DDHH UDP).
Aún esperamos la aprobación de una ley de protección integral de los derechos del niño.
El 21 de septiembre de 2015, el Ejecutivo presentó el proyecto de ley de Sistema de Garantías de los Derechos de la Niñez, cuyos principios rectores son la concepción de los niños como sujetos de derechos, la protección integral de la niñez, la protección efectiva del ejercicio de los derechos y la integración de la protección. En mayo de este año (2017), la ley fue aprobada por la Cámara de Diputados, encontrándose en primer trámite constitucional. Si bien desde el Gobierno destacan los avances, se le critica por ser una ley imprecisa, a la que a la fecha ya se le han introducido más de 400 indicaciones. Igualmente, los proyectos que crean el Sistema de Garantías de la Niñez y el que modifica el Ministerio de Desarrollo Social, creando la Subsecretaría de la Niñez, no se ajustan cabalmente a los estándares fijados por el derecho internacional de los derechos humanos (Informe 2016 Centro de DDHH UDP).
Asimismo, preocupa la insistente reiteración en el proyecto de ley en cuanto a que las obligaciones del Estado se hallan sujetas a disponibilidad presupuestaria. Dicha limitación se distancia de la Convención de los Derechos del Niño, que indica en su cuarto artículo: “Los Estados Parte adoptarán todas las medidas administrativas, legislativas y de otra índole para dar efectividad a los derechos reconocidos en la presente Convención. En lo que respecta a los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales, los Estados Parte adoptarán esas medidas hasta el máximo de los recursos disponibles y, cuando sea necesario, dentro del marco de la cooperación internacional” (Fuente: Informe 2016 Centro DDHH UDP).
El director del INDH, Branislav Marelic, se reunió con la bancada de diputados independientes para entregar las primeras conclusiones del informe que será revelado este mes y en el que se evidencian maltratos y descuido negligente. Según la Minuta con los resultados, en resumen, de los 405 niños y niñas entrevistados, denunciaron distintas vulneraciones 197. Uno de cada 3 entrevistados denunciaron descuido negligente, uno de cada 5 denunció maltrato físico, uno de cada 7 denunció maltrato sicológico, uno de cada 15 denunció abuso o explotación sexual (Fuente Noticias INDH).
Podemos seguir citando instrumentos e informes de derechos humanos. Desde la perspectiva regional, la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos señala: “Todo niño tiene derecho a las medidas de protección que sus condiciones de menor requieren por parte de su familia, de la sociedad y del Estado”. El alcance de este artículo ha sido abordado por la Corte IDH, en diversas sentencias, desarrollando lo que se entenderá por “medidas de protección por parte del Estado”. Así, la Corte ha entendido que la debida protección de los derechos de las niñas y niños debe garantizar las condiciones para que se desarrollen con un pleno “aprovechamiento de sus potencialidades” (Fuente: Informe Anual 2016 INDH).
Las palabras crean realidad y la realidad crea palabras. Lamentablemente, en este caso, las palabras se distancian de la realidad de nuestros niños, niñas y adolescentes. Es de esperar que estrechemos esta distancia, a poco de 30 años de la mentada Convención, y que de una vez por todas tengamos una política integral e interrelacionada en infancia, de acuerdo a los principios de los derechos humanos.
Fuente original: http://radio.uchile.cl/2017/08/02/derechos-de-la-infancia-distancia-entre-las-palabras-y-la-realidad/
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